Friday, December 27, 2019

Topic sentence. Thomas Hobbes interpretation of natural...

Topic sentence. Thomas Hobbes interpretation of natural law is not only radically different, but inconsistent with the traditional view. This can be seen through the similarities and differences found when comparing Thomas Hobbes theory, and Thomas Aquinas’ theory in regards to their view of man’s ultimate goal, their definition of natural law in regards to its relationship with human rationality, and lastly how they view the meaning and relationship of divine providence and religion in natural law. The following pages will define natural law, and will analyze all three issues listed above through comparing and contrasting Hobbes and Aquinas’ view. Hobbes view is utilitarian. The Leviathan is the marking of when traditional natural law†¦show more content†¦In Hobbes†¦.he reveals how firmly he disagrees with traditional natural law theorists, Hobbes sates that, â€Å"I put for a general inclination of all mankind a perpetual and restless desire of power after power that ceases only in death.† In other words, Hobbes reveals that he believes that men cannot be satisfied by the â€Å"cultivation of virtue† as a political end; man will fight for more power until the fight itself kills them. According to source Hobbes states that, â€Å"All men have in common is the continual fear and danger of violent death† (Hobbes, 1956: Ch.13, 107-108). Hobbes is basically stating that because death is less likely to occur when there is peace, men will therefore desire a peaceful society only because it is in their best interest. Source , Hobbes states that, â€Å"The passions that incline men to peace are fear of death, desire of such tings are necessary to commodious living, and a hope by their industry to obtain them.† These are prime examples of where the tradition view towards natural law contrasts with Hobbes theory. Natural law tradition generally believes it is human nature to have peace, and avoid evil, wh ere Hobbes on the other hands believes man is only interested in having peace because it is for his own benefit. In current terms, Hobbes has a more realist view on natural law tradition. Thomas Hobbes and Thomas Aquinas have radically different perspectives on how the term natural law should be perceived. HobbesShow MoreRelatedLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pages................................................................................... 107 Creating Helpful Definitions ............................................................................................................ 110 Different Definitions for Different Purposes .............................................................................. 111 How to Avoid Errors when Creating Definitions ..................................................................... 115 Review of Major PointsRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesRespond to Turbulent Change? 578 Myth or Science? â€Å"Men Experience More Job Stress Than Women† 596 Self-Assessment Library How Stressful Is My Life? 600 An Ethical Choice Responsibly Managing Your Own Stress 601 glOBalization! Work–Family Stress in Different Cultures 604 Point/Counterpoint Responsible Managers Relieve Stress on Their Employees 607 Questions for Review 608 Experiential Exercise Power and the Changing Environment 608 Ethical Dilemma Changes at WPAC 609 Case Incident 1 Starbucks Returns

Thursday, December 19, 2019

The Ethical Debate of Embryonic Stem Cell Research

Stem cell research is often at the forefront of heated ethical debates due to its assessment of human life. If stem cell research cannot be ethically defended, then it should not be conducted. â€Å"You cannot defend a study ethically unless the presumed cost is lower than expected benefits. The cost-benefit analysis of scientific research needs to include human/animal discomfort/risks, environmental issues, material costs, etc† which is necessary to support the positive outcome which the research claims to provide (experiment-resources, 2008). The two opposing ethical arguments which have to be defended morally are that of utilitarianism and deontology. â€Å"Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that determines the moral value of an act in terms of†¦show more content†¦A free and virtuous society, which America aspires to be, must reject practices that devalue and violate human life at any stage from conception until natural death† (FoxNews.com, 2001). There are several new methods that have been developed since the start of the highly controversial stem cell debate which rectifies the major differences on both sides. New solutions such as Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPS) acts as an alternate method to embryonic research in that it uses cellular reprogramming of adult skin cells.â€Å"The benefit of iPS is that stem cells can be created without the use of embryos, however, the cells resemble embryos in that they can, theoretically and under the appropriate conditions, be made to differentiate into any type of cell found in the body † (Phillips, 2010). . There are also techniques being developed that use amnionic fluid, or stem cell extraction techniques that do not damage the embryo, that also provide alternatives for obtaining viable stem cell lines † (Phillips, 2010). The only caveat to all of these newly developed alternatives is that no solution has been studied long enough to claim that it can be an effectiv e substitute 100%. â€Å"To begin with, demand forShow MoreRelatedThe Debate Concerning Embryonic Stem Cell Research Essay1406 Words   |  6 Pagesof embryonic stem cell research. The embryonic stem cell debate has polarized the country into those who argue that such research holds promises of ending a great deal of human suffering and others who condemn such research as involving the abortion of a potential human life. If any answer to the ethical debate surrounding this particular aspect of stem cell research exists, it is a hazy one at best. The question facing many scientists and policymakers involved in embryonic stem cell research isRead MoreEssay on The Pros and Cons of Stem Cell Research928 Words   |  4 Pagespros and cons of development in stem cell research. This report will provide background to the debate, its social significance, parties that are involved and analysis of the arguments related to the topic researched. 2.0 The Issue and background to the debate Those who favour stem cell research are optimistic about the continued developments in stem cell research will open doors to many breakthrough discoveries in biomedical science. The scientific and ethical questions arise as rapidly as theRead More Embryonic Stem Cell Research: How does it affect you? Essay1557 Words   |  7 Pages Embryonic Stem Cell Research: How does it affect you? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Embryonic stem cell research is widely controversial in the scientific world. Issues on the ethics of Embryonic Stem (ES) cell research have created pandemonium in our society. The different views on this subject are well researched and supportive. The facts presented have the capability to support or possibly change the public’s perspective. This case study is based on facts and concernsRead MoreStem Cell Research Debate1119 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Stem Cell Research Debate There are only a small number of issues that are controversial as far as the public, the government and scientists are concerned. The father of all issues, however, is the debate that revolves around the ethics of stem cell research. Stem cells can be defined as those cells in an embryo that essentially give rise to the entire organism (Capra, 1999). In the contemporary world of today, the issue of embryonic stem cell research is one of this controversial significantRead MoreEssay about Pros and Cons of Embryonic Stem Cell Research1261 Words   |  6 Pagesagainst Embryonic Stem Cell research mainly because they consider it unethical to use aborted fetuses for research. The two main issues concerning the research are the ethics (Cons) and the benefits (Pros). In any scientific case, ethics must always be considered. But the use of fetuses is something that is of the utmost importance. The costs are generally measured based off of people’s feelings, morals, and knowledge about the subject up for debate. The use of aborted fetuses for stem cell researchRead MoreIs Embryonic Stem Cell Research Ethical?951 Words   |  4 PagesIs Embryonic Stem Cell Research Ethical? The introduction and expansion of embryonic stem cell research initiated a highly debated ethical topic. Can our society agree to disagree? What are embryonic stem cells? What are stem cells? Is all stem cell research considered abortion? Debates surrounding embryonic stem cell research is further complicated by social standards and needs, religious beliefs, and personal morals. In November of 1998, a group of researchers announced that theyRead MoreStem Cells : Research For Disease Modeling And Drug Development1609 Words   |  7 Pages Stem Cells in Research without the Ethical Issues: Ways around Embryonic Stem Cells Deborah Baluyot Western Governors University Abstract: Using various academic journals and articles found online (Internet), this paper seeks to cover the use of human stem cells (hSCs) in research for disease modeling and drug development. Specifically, the ethical controversies that come with using embryonic stem cells (Lo Parham , 2009) and possible ways to get around them, will also beRead MoreThe Importance of Stem Cell Research Essay example1686 Words   |  7 PagesOver the last decade the use of stem cells has been a controversial and heated topic. Debates have exploded over every aspect of stem cell research. It has been speculated by scientists that stem cell research may have the potential to cure harmful diseases or even regrow organs. However some find that the health issues seen in earlier attempts to use stem cell transplants and ethical controversies involved with extracting stem cells, make it very dangerous to further investigate. In actuality theRead MoreThe Debate Over Embryonic Stem Cell Research1543 Words   |  7 PagesWhile embryonic stem cell research has been ongoing for more than 30 years, it has only become a controversial topic over the past decade. The embryonic stem cell was first isolated in 1981 by two scientists at the University of Cambridge. However, it wasn’t until 1998 at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, where the first batch of embryonic stem cells were created in a test tube. In 2001, President George W. Bush approved the use of federal funding for research on this topic, following this actionRead MoreThe Ethics Of Stem Cell Research1365 Words   |  6 PagesStem cells are cells that have the potential to develop into different types of cells in the body. Stem cells also act as a repair system for many tissues in the body by dividing repeatedly to replenish other cells within a person (National Institutes of Health). Stem cell research seeks to further the advancement of the use of stem cells as well as to find an ethical way to study them. In November 1998, researchers found a way to isolate and culture human embryonic stem cells, (Bevington 2005).

Tuesday, December 10, 2019

Personal Analysis Essay Music free essay sample

Music means something different to each person. To me, music is a form of expressing myself. It allows me to express feelings and emotions that you cant describe in words. Music allows me to express emotions that dont yet have a name, emotions that you cant find in a dictionary, but you can definitely feel. Music allows me to tell a story without saying a single word. Music allows me to be who I really am. Music has had a huge impact on my life. Even In my early years, my Dad would sit with my brother and me at the piano and play songs for us.Hed even sing along Like a dog to make it more interesting. I wanted to follow In his footsteps, and started playing piano. I taught myself everything I knew for the first 2 years I played It. Its almost like piano had been waiting for me, Like everything was already In there Just waltzing to be discovered. We will write a custom essay sample on Personal Analysis Essay: Music or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I had already been playing violin for about five or SIX years at that point, and this discovery of the plants In me only strengthened my relationship with music. Music to me became Like a best friend to anyone else.I could sit at the piano after a bad day and play, and It would make me feel better. I could confide in my music, and I would be okay. Im almost always listening to music. Whenever I was given permission in class to listen to my music, I would pop my headphones in and tune out the world. I had (and still do have) this understanding of music. I can feel what its trying to say to me, I can get the message even with no words. Music has always been that one solid rock I can lean on, that one subject that I never got tired of.Theres always another lesson about music to be learned. There are infinite lessons about music to be learned. Music defines me in a very personal way. It exposes my emotions, and gives me an opportunity to share those emotions with other people, whether they are fellow musicians or an audience. Music is an emotional release. It is an outlet that never gets tired of hearing me vent. Music lifts that heavy load off my shoulders at the end of a long day. Music defines me as more than just a musician or an artist, but as a simple human being, too.

Tuesday, December 3, 2019

International and Comparative Human Resource Management

Introduction Multinational firms are faced with various challenges while operating in the host country. The challenges are particularly worse for multinational companies operating in countries where there are differences in cultural and management practices between the host country and the multinational firm’s country.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on International and Comparative Human Resource Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Multinational firms operating in mainland China and in the UK or US face these challenges in their operations. China is one of the countries that values Foreign Direct Investment. This is because of the belief that, Foreign Direct Investment benefits a country via receiving products and equipment that are up to date. It also brings forth advanced practices in Human Resource Management. A lot of foreign investors from all over the globe have successfully started bu siness enterprises in china, despite the challenges they face. The rapid economic growth that has been witnessed in China in the recent past has attracted a lot of foreign investors. Many foreign organizations have shown interest in investing in the Republic of China. Firms that have established their operations in China are concerned about using the right management practices, in order to be successful in their endeavors. However, this has not been without various challenges that these multinational companies have had to deal with. The process of globalization, which began a few years ago, has opened up a lot of opportunities for business to be carried out globally. The restrictions that used to hinder companies from venturing into business practices overseas have now been eliminated. The nations are currently able to venture into businesses globally. This paper entails a theoretical discussion on international and comparative HRM. It shall then address the various challenges that a fictitious chain of supermarket, MRH, from Australia is likely to face as it establishes branches in three overseas markets namely China, the United States and the United Kingdom.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Theoretical discussion on international and comparative HRM Different countries have their own human resource management practices that may not be necessarily identical to the Human Resource Management practices found in other countries. Multinational corporations planning to venture into other countries to start their operations there are likely to encounter some challenges while trying to adopt to the HRM practices of the host country. Multinational companies face numerous challenges, especially in attracting and keeping qualified personnel. For example, in China, there is a massive shortage of talents although the country has been producing the largest number of graduates annually. This is attributed to the unpractical system of education that is practiced in China. Most of the graduates pursue degree courses that are not marketable in the labor market. The graduates end up being jobless. Multinational companies have also had to deal with the challenge of expatriate failure due to the culture shock they experience once they start their operations in China. Initially, multinational corporations operating in China tried to use Standardized Human Resource Management practices in their operations. Most managers believed that this would be very effective and efficient in their operations. However, this approach was not workable because they realized that every country has its own unique culture as well as beliefs on the right organization behavior. Multinational corporations planning to launch their operations are likely to encounter cross-cultural and cross-national challenges. These challenges may lead to conflicts in the strategies made. Localization of human resources by multinational corporations operating in China is very important to overcome most of the human resources challenges that most multinational companies face. China is one of the countries that has the largest population and produces the most graduates annually. Therefore, it is considered one of the largest labor markets for multinational companies. There are numerous corporations from various countries globally that are launching their operations in China because of the numerous benefits they expect to get.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on International and Comparative Human Resource Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More HRM is a managerial function that is mostly dependent on an organization’s arrangement as well as the state related factors. HRM is influenced by factors such as national culture and the people’s beliefs and traditions. Other fac tors that affect HRM include labor market and the set rules and regulations. Each nation has its own national business system that affects the HRM practices within the country (Alon and John 2008). Some of the HRM practices such as the importance of an organization to attract and pay workers fairly are universal. However, others are shared only within a certain region or country. The government in the US and UK is involved to a large extent in the people’s welfare as they work for various institutions. This usually happens through formulation of policies that favor workers. Clear HRM Challenges for Entry in China Challenge in labor management practices According to Bergsten (2008), differences in labor management practices and employment systems between China and the UK/US are also a major challenge to multinational companies. In the past, China did not have human resource management in various corporations. They operated under some practices that had replaced the conventiona l human resources management. The government was involved in managing the operations of all companies during the industrial period. It would tell the managers of these companies what they were supposed to produce. However, during the 1980’s, this practice was reformed and the practice of human resource management was introduced. This was mostly because of the foreign investors that were already investing in China. Young people were given jobs by the government and not by the human resource managers. These jobs were considered to be permanent and no one had the authority to remove these people from the positions they held, even if they failed to perform to the required standard. Managers in Chinese companies were therefore, de-motivated because they received no incentives and were not in a position to discipline any worker who did not perform because the positions they held were given by the government and were permanent in nature. Due to lack of motivation, most managers in C hina lost interest in their work and their technical skills because they were not put into practice.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More When multinational companies launch their operations in China, they face a challenge in human resources because it is very hard to find qualified managers to entrust with the operations of the corporation (Bergsten 2008). There has been a change in how multinational firms are viewed in China since they began their operations in the 1970’s (Alon John 2008). Before the 1970’s, China had not opened up opportunities for multinational companies to operate in the country. However, after the country opened its economy to foreign investors during this period, a lot of investors ventured into various businesses in this country. At the beginning of their operation, the multinational companies that operated in China were treated very well. They paid lesser tax than companies that operated locally. Additionally, there was no duty imposed on goods they imported (Bergsten 2008). These companies enjoyed the support of both the government and the local people. They were admired and f eared by the local people and other companies operating locally. The local people showed open preference for products and services offered by these multinational firms. However, this view has changed over the years and the Chinese people prefer to buy products from local companies. Cultural Challenge Apart from the human resource management challenges faced by multinational companies operating in China, there is the challenge of cultural differences. According to Stopford (1998), culture is a very important factor and it is very influential in the operation of any multinational company. Stopford (1998) observes that people from different nations have their own view on how business should be conducted. Any multinational company planning to start its operations in China ought to study the business culture of the Chinese as well as their fundamental beliefs. The three philosophies that have been prevailing in the Chinese culture are Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism. These are viewed as philosophies rather than religions. These philosophies are upheld by the Chinese people, and may conflict with some of the beliefs that multinational corporations such as MRH may hold. This is a major challenge because such conflicts are likely to affect the running of this chain of supermarkets in China. According to Roach (2005), language is also an aspect of culture that multinational companies have to deal with. English is still the language that is considered as the international language that should be used in business. Most of the Chinese managers are not proficient in English; therefore, multinational companies find it very difficult to work with them (Paulson 2008.). Communication between the managers and the owners of these multinational corporations is affected since the only language that can be used by both parties is English. Multinational companies that would like to employ Chinese managers in their firms have to spend their resources training these managers in ord er to have maximum returns from the services they are expected to offer. This is because the managers are very important in linking the multinational corporations with the local people. Another challenge that the multinational corporations operating in China face is related to the consumers’ preference for products manufactured by local companies instead of those from the multinational companies in China. The wide differences that existed between products manufactured and sold by Chinese companies and those sold by multinational corporations was bridged. The local people’s drastic change from preferring products sold by multinational corporations to preferring their own locally manufactured products is a sign of dissatisfaction with the way multinational corporations in China operate (Wilson and Adam 2005). This is a big blow to these corporations because without enjoying the support of the local people, they cannot grow or develop. Anglo-American and Developmental mod e of capitalism Anglo American capitalism is practiced in English speaking countries, such as in the United Kingdom and the United States (Sapir 2006). China operates under developmental mode of capitalism. These differences in the systems of economy practiced in the UK/US and China are likely to cause major challenges to multinational corporations planning to start their operations in China and in the UK/US. In China, the economic system is run under shared ethics and norms which enhance economic cooperation. For instance, it is very common for people to do business together without first signing a contract (Hsu 2007). This is because of the shared understanding among the Chinese people concerning the nature of cultural values that exist among them. Therefore, the relationship between people engaged in a business contract is more important than even signing of business contracts. The cultural values and the ethical habits of the Chinese people, thus, affect how they carry out their economic activities. Since cultural values held by the UK/US are different from the Chinese, business contracts are highly valued more than working on the personal relationship between those involved in a business contract. Property in the US/UK is held privately but in China, it is not the case. In China, all land belongs to the government. It is the Chinese government which gives permits in form of ‘use contracts’ to companies and individuals who are interested to use the land. This contract lasts for a period of 70 years when it expires. The government uses this as a way of generating income for the municipals. The labor regulations in China are relatively few compared to the labor regulations in the UK/US (Hsu 2007). According to Wolf (2009), the minimum wage in China is also relatively low and the social welfare is not well developed. The tariffs that are used to protect the Chinese economy may also prove to be a challenge for the multinational corporations in Chi na. These tariffs cause a rise in the cost of importing goods such as motor vehicles and electronics. The currency in China is also tightly controlled. The rate at which the currency is supposed to trade against international currency is set by the central bank. This is a challenge to these corporations. In China, collectiveness is valued more than individualism, which is encouraged and practiced in the UK/US. The UK/US culture of individualism is known to collide with other cultures that practice collective way of doing things. People from China look at how their actions are likely affect the whole society not just them as individuals. How these challenges may differ between China and US/UK The Chinese people are very social and they transfer this quality in their business relations. They expect that before engaging in any contract, enough time will be set aside for socialization (Alon 2003). Socialization is top on their priority, then the signing of the contracts can follow but i n the UK/US the system works vice versa. In fact, the issue of socialization while doing business with other people was not something important for the entrepreneurs in the UK/US until recently when they began showing an interest, though not to the level of the Chinese people. In China, virtues such as humility are highly regarded and everyone strives to uphold it. For the people from the UK/US, this is mostly seen as a sign of weakness. Multinational enterprises venturing to do business in China may find this as a challenge in China because they are not used to esteeming this virtue highly. This can result to a conflict during interaction. However, in the US/UK, this may not be a major challenge. During interaction, direct confrontation in China is something that is shunned. This could be a difficult virtue to be adopted by investors from other countries, who believe that truth should be told, regardless of whether it is likely to result to a conflict or not. Such confrontations in the Chinese context are considered shameful, but in the UK/US, they are normal. In terms of sensitivity to time, people from the UK/US are more time conscious than the Chinese people. While people from the UK/US expect that a meeting scheduled to start at 8 in the morning should start immediately, the Chinese take this time as a mere suggestion of when the meeting is supposed to start. The same case applies to meeting the set deadlines. People from the UK/US expect that all work should be done by the set deadline while the Chinese are okay with an extension of deadline by a few days. Prior to the year 2000, multinational companies operating in China were revered by the locals and viewed as superior to the local companies (Alon John 2008). Their products attracted a lot of consumers. This continued until the year 2000, when there were drastic changes in the way these firms were treated by the government and the local people. During this year, the gross domestic product per capita i n China grew to over 1000 US dollars (Alon John 2008). In 2001, China became part of the World Trade Organization. After China joined this organization, the perception of local people about multinational companies operating in China changed. Before any multinational corporation ventured into any project, the project has to be thoroughly scrutinized to ensure that it is meant to benefit China. The multinational corporations also started to receive equal treatment with the local corporations in terms of taxation and payment of duties for imported goods. Therefore, the multinational corporations operating in China are operating under very strict rules as opposed to the past few years when they had a lot of freedom and preferential treatment. The strict rules guiding their operations are very challenging to these corporations. Conclusion Corporations that are trying to establish their business in China and in the UK/US are doing so through various means such as mergers and acquisition. Since China joined the World Trade Organization, a lot of opportunities have been opened for foreign investors to establish their businesses in China. Operating as a multinational corporation in China has more challenges than operating the same business in the UK/US. Some of these challenges are related to human resource management practices, differences in the culture of the host country and the multinational’s culture found in the parent country and issues related with labor management practices. The challenges that MRH chain of supermarkets is likely to face in China are different from the challenges likely to be experienced in the UK/US. In China, there are numerous challenges due to cultural related issues as well as differences in the human resources management practices. There is also a likelihood of encountering problems in the Chinese market because China practices communism while in the UK/US, capitalism is the dominant practice. In China, this chain of supermarket s is likely to experience cultural related challenges. This is because the culture of the Chinese is very different from other cultures such as the culture of the people in the UK and US. In China, the cultural beliefs affect the way business is conducted. Some values that are normally disregarded or considered as a sign of weakness in the UK and the US are highly esteemed in the Chinese culture. They include virtues like humility. Some of the Chinese cultural practices also conflict with the culture of the Americans and the people from the UK. They include issues like time sensitivity. Whereas people from the UK and the US are sensitive to time, the Chinese are not. This may cause a problem to multinational companies, such as MRH, planning to start their operations in these three countries. Reference List Alon, I 2003, Chinese Economic Transition and International Marketing Strategy, Praeger Publishers, Westport. Alon, I John, M 2008, The Globalization of Chinese Enterprises. Palg rave McMillan, New York. Bergsten, F 2008, A Partnership of Equals: How Washington Should Respond to China’s Economic Challenge. Foreign Affairs, Washington. Hsu, C 2007, ‘The political economy of guidance planning in Post-Mao China’. Review of World Economics, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 300–340. Paulson, M 2008, The Right Way to Engage China, Foreign Affairs, Washington. Roach, B 2005, A primer on multinational corporations. Multinational Corporations and the new global history. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Sapir, A 2006, ‘Globalization and the reform of European social model’. Journal of Common Market Studies, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 369–390. Stopford, J 1998, Multinational Corporations. Foreign Policy, Washington. Wilson, J Adam, S 2005, ‘Trends in china’s transition towards a knowledge economy’, Asian Survey, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 369–390. Wolf, M 2009, Fixing Global Finance: How to Curb Financial Crises in the 21st Century. Yale University Press, London. This research paper on International and Comparative Human Resource Management was written and submitted by user Stephanie Harvey to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. International and Comparative Human Resource Management