Censorship :: essays research papers

Censorship     My life has been nonhing but censorship since the time I was born. WhenI was very young and lived in Chicago in that respect were all sorts of interesting thingsaround to play with. My parents physically censor me by putting me in "babyprison." They felt that certain things needed to be censored from me because oftheir potential danger. So I was kept out of harms way in the playpen or crib.As I grew older and was no longer watched by my parents 24 hours a day, Irealized that I was censored by others. In school, it was constantly no to thisand no to that. All that negativity is not great for children, all day long. Itwas always interesting to me as to why we recited the pledge of allegiance inschool, what if you are not American? I also was not allowed to watch the news.My parents felt it was "real violence", and not appropriate for me, that wasparental censorship. When I was old enough to go out with my friends I becameconfused when my parents utter I could see an "PG-13" rated movie but thetheater wouldnt let me in. When I argued that "my parents tell I could go seeit", the theater management always said things like I need to be 13 or must beaccompanied by a parent and so on. I and so proposed this question, my parentssaid I could see it, now why cant I see it? The answer to that question is thegovernment doesnt think I am old enough. My mummy said live with it, there isnothing you can do. I think that made me more inquisitive.     That was just the beginning, I was too young to go on certain rides andtoo young to go into stores like Sharper Image and I was too young to purchasethe music that I really enjoyed. When I was able to get my hands on a CompactDisc I had wanted, it sometimes had a "Explicit Lyrics" warning sticker on it. Iwould go home, listen and enjoy only to get lectured by my parents. They saidthings such as you cant have anything that contains profanity, or any type ofobjectionable material. " because again I am only going to encounter it in the realworld", I would reply. Obviously there are many diametrical views to take onthis issue, and I knew there was a long and difficult battle ahead of me until Iwas 18.     I contend that censoring music is a necessary evil but, it should be

Skepticism and the Philosophy of Language in Early Modern Thought Essay

Skepticism and the Philosophy of Language in Early Modern ThoughtABSTRACT This paper discusses the importance of skeptical arguments for the philosophy of lyric poem in early modern supposition. It contrasts the rationalist conception of language and knowledge with that of philosophers who adopt some sort of skeptical position, maintaining that these philosophers end up by endowment language a greater importance than rationalists. The criticism of the rationalists appeal to natural light is examined, as well as skeptical arguments limiting knowledge such as the so-called makers knowledge argument. This argument is then seen as capital for favoring a positive interpretation of the importance of language for knowledge. The revival of ancient skepticism in early XVIth century has been considered one of the major forces in the development of modern thought, especially as regards the discussion about the nature of knowledge and the sciences. Richard Popkin in his write up of Skeptici sm from Erasmus to Spinoza (1979) has shown that skeptical arguments were influential in the attack against traditional scholastic conceptions of science, opening the way to the development of the new scientific method. The dispute betwixt those who embraced skepticism and those who tried to refute or surpass it was central to the philosophical scene well into the XVIIIth century.However, the importance of the discussion of the nature and role of language in this process and its relation to skeptical arguments has scarcely been examined. My objective in this paper is to extend Popkins analysis of the role of skepticism in the formation of modern thought to the consideration, in general lines, of some of the main features of early modern theories a... ...ld,A. et Nicole, P (1981). Logique, ou lArt de Penser, Paris, Vrin.Descartes,R., (1996) Rgles pour la direction de lesprit, Principes de la Philosophie, in Ouevres, Paris,Vrin,.Kant,I. (1952) Critique of gauzy reason, Great Books of the Western World, Chicago, Encyclopedia Britannica.Jolley,N. (1988) The light of the soul, Oxford, Clarendon Press.Lennon, T. (1993) The battle of gods and giants, Princeton Univ.Press.Montaigne,M. (1952) Essais, Great Books of the Western World, Chicago, Encyclopedia Britannica.Perez-Ramos,A. (1988) Francis Bacons idea of science and the makers knowledge tradition, Oxford Univ.Press.Popkin,R. (1979) The history of scepticism from Erasmus to Spinoza, Berkeley & Los Angeles, Univ.of California Press.Zagorin, Perez (1984) Vicos system of Knowledge A Critique, Philosophical Quarterly, vol.34, no.134.

Jacob Lawrence :: essays research papers

Jacob Lawrence has painted figurative and narrative pictures of the black community and black history for more than 60 eld in a consistent modernist style, using expressive, strong design and flat areas of color. Jacob Lawrence was a great artist. During Harlem Renaissance, he helped establish African American artists. He gave lectures at Washington University, and he enjoyed working with students of all ages. Jacob Lawrence was born in Atlantic City on September 7, 1917. His parents Jacob Armstead Lawrence and rise Lee were part of the Great Migration of sorry Americans (1916-1930). One million people left the rural South for the urban North during this period. He moved with his family for Easton, Pennsylvania. After his parents separated, he moved with his mother to Philadelphia. In 1927, his mother moved to New York and placed Lawrence and his siblings in foster homes. In 1930, Lawrence, age 13, and his brother and sister moved to Harlem to live with his mother.During Lawrence s childhood, his family was forced to relocate legion(predicate) times as his parents looked for work. Steady jobs were hard to find, especially for African Americans. Racial prejudice prevented them from pursuing certain jobs or professions.Harlem was a crowded, teeming place, and the earth school Lawrence attended was considered among the roughest in the area. But Harlem in the 1930s was also the center of what became known as the Harlem Renaissance. To keep her son out of trouble Rose Lawrence enrolled him in an after-school arts and crafts program at a local community center. It was taught by a young African American artist named Charles Alston. Alston desire the serious, quiet Lawrence and made sure he had lots of materials for his efforts. He found that drawing geometric designs in bright colors satisfied him greatly. He in brief moved on to elaborate patterns and developed his own method of painting in which particular shapes were rendered in corresponding colors, one at a time. Lawrence proceed in this mode through much of his career. The notable consistency of color is apparent in the artists later series of story panels.Lawrence got many of his ideas from the books and magazines he found at the center where the classes were held. Lawrence had Alston show him how to mix paper-mache, and he went on to create many colorful, life-size masks. He also used artificial boxes to fashion three-sided scenes, depicting locales in Harlem- stores, barbershops, houses and newsstands.

A view from the bridge †Arthur Miller :: English Literature

A view from the bridge How does Arthur milling machineA view from the bridge How does Arthur Miller prepare the audiencefor the dramatic events at the end of the dramatic goldbrick?Arthur Miller was born in New York City on the 17th of October 1915.The son of a small businessman, Miller worked in a warehouse aftergraduating from high school. When he saved enough money he attendedthe University of Michigan. During the Second World War Miller movedto New York where he began authorship plays. A View from the bridge waswritten in 1955, it was partly based on the idea that his parents wereboth immigrants into the United States.When writing the play Miller was nerve-wracking to create a real life story,concerning a tragedy of ordinary people. In the late 1940s Millerbecame interested in the workers of New Yorks Brooklyn Harbour, whichwas where he had previously worked. Writing this play allowed him toexpress his feelings towards poorly paid workers most of whom wereimmigrants.The fir st character introduced in the play is Alfieri he is a cosmictime lawyer, who speaks a recognizable standard American English,unlike everybody else featured in the play. Alfieri is a verymysterious character he is forever appearing and disappearing intothe shadows, or the black of the night, which leaves an impact onthe audience as they are curious to whom this person is and what hisrole is in the play. He basically recites the prologue and epilogue tothe play and comments on the main action.The audience are constantly kept on their feet guessing as to whatwill happen to the relationship surrounded by Eddie Carbone and Catherine.Instantly they realize that throughout the play there will be a lot ofconflict between these two characters. However they are not sure whatall the arguments will result in. The most anticipating moment of theplay is the final scene Miller has prepared the audience for this end point throughout the play. Miller creates plenty of tension duringthis scene, because there are a number of endings that can be used,the audience is eager to find out which one will befool place.Miller had prepared a number of endings but thought that the chosenending would have the most effect. Another possible option to end theplay was Eddie committing suicide, although this is very dramatic, itdid not suit Eddies character. Miller describes Eddie as astrong-minded man, who is always willing to fight for what he wants.Therefore the chosen ending was much more effective as Eddie didnt

Osmosis :: Papers

Osmosis Introduction Osmosis is the passage of water supply from a region of extravagantly water concentration through a semi-permeable membrane to a region of low water concentration. The aim of the investigation is to find the variables that have-to doe with the rate of osmosis and how they affect the rate of reaction. The variables that affect the rate of reaction of osmosis are, The surface area of the object, The concentration of the solution, Temperature of the experiment Surface area If the surface area of the object is larger so more molecules can pass through the semi-permeable membrane. This volition ultimately increase the rate of reaction. IMAGE IMAGE IMAGEIMAGE Small surface area Large surface area slow-wittedness If the concentration of the solution is high then it leave behind contain more molecules and so the rate of reaction will be shorter. IMAGE IMAGE Low concentration superior concentration Temperature of the experiment Generally the higher the temperature, the less time it takes for a reaction. But with living cells there is a point at which the cell will be denatured therefore the rate of reaction will be altered, as the cells are no longer functioning. Hypothesis ========== Osmosis is defined as the apparent movement of water or any other solutions molecules from a region of highly concentrated solution to a region of less concentrated solution. This movement must(prenominal) take place across a partially permeable membrane such as a cell wall, which lets smaller molecules such as water through but does not allow bigger molecules to pass through. The molecules will continue to diffuse until the area in which the molecules are found reaches a republic of equilibrium, meaning that the molecules are randomly distributed throughout an object, with no area having a higher or lower concentration than any other. To make this investigation fair, the conditions will be as follows Changed variable Constants

Osmosis :: Papers

Osmosis Introduction Osmosis is the passage of weewee from a region of high up water concentration through a semi-permeable membrane to a region of low water concentration. The aim of the investigation is to find the variables that have-to doe with the rate of osmosis and how they affect the rate of reaction. The variables that affect the rate of reaction of osmosis are, The surface area of the object, The concentration of the solution, Temperature of the experiment Surface area If the surface area of the object is larger thence more molecules can pass through the semi-permeable membrane. This forget ultimately increase the rate of reaction. IMAGE IMAGE IMAGEIMAGE Small surface area Large surface area meanness If the concentration of the solution is high then it volition contain more molecules and so the rate of reaction will be shorter. IMAGE IMAGE Low concentration gamy concentration Temperature of the experiment Gener ally the higher the temperature, the less time it takes for a reaction. But with living cells there is a point at which the cell will be denatured therefore the rate of reaction will be altered, as the cells are no longer functioning. Hypothesis ========== Osmosis is defined as the exertion of water or any other solutions molecules from a region of highly concentrated solution to a region of less concentrated solution. This movement must(prenominal) take place across a partially permeable membrane such as a cell wall, which lets smaller molecules such as water through but does not allow bigger molecules to pass through. The molecules will continue to diffuse until the area in which the molecules are found reaches a resign of equilibrium, meaning that the molecules are randomly distributed throughout an object, with no area having a higher or lower concentration than any other. To make this investigation fair, the conditions will be as follows Chang ed variable Constants

Deception Point Page 105

127The triton fellMichael Tolland staggered to his feet on the be given deck and peered over the anchor spool at the frayed winch cable where the Triton used to hang. Wheeling toward the stern, he scanned the water. The Triton was just now emerging from under the Goya on the current. relieve at least to see the sub intact, Tolland eyed the look on, wanting nothing more than to see it open up and Rachel climb out unscathed. But the set remained closed. Tolland wondered if maybe she had been knocked out by the violent fall.Even from the deck, Tolland could see the Triton was riding exceptionally low in the water-far beneath its normal diving cut waterline. Its sinking. Tolland could not imagine why, however the reason at the moment was immaterial.I have to get Rachel out. Now.As Tolland stood to dash for the edge of the deck, a shower of machine-gun fire exploded above him, sparking off the heavy anchor spool overhead. He dropped back to his knees. Shit He peered around the sp ool only long tolerable to see Pickering on the upper deck, taking aim like a sniper. The Delta soldier had dropped his machine gun while climbing into the doomed helicopter and Pickering had patently recovered it. Now the director had scrambled to the high ground.Trapped behind the spool, Tolland looked back toward the sinking Triton. Come on, Rachel Get out He waited for the hatch to open. Nothing. aspect back to the deck of the Goya, Tollands eyes measured the open area between his position and the stern railing. Twenty feet. A long way without any cover.Tolland took a deep breath and made up his mind. Ripping off his shirt, he hurled it to his right onto the open deck. While Pickering blew the shirt full of holes, Tolland dashed left, down the inclined deck, banking toward the stern. With a wild leap he launched himself over the railing, off the back of the ship. Arcing high in the nimbus, Tolland heard the bul allows whizzing all around him and knew a single roam would make him a shark feast the instant he hit the water.Rachel Sexton felt like a wild animal trapped in a cage. She had tried the hatch again and again with no luck. She could hear a tank several(prenominal)where beneath her filling with water, and she sensed the sub gaining weight. The unfairness of the naval was inching higher up the transparent noggin, a black curtain rising in reverse.Through the lower half of the glass, Rachel could see the void of the ocean beckoning like a tomb. The empty vastness beneath threatened to swallow her whole. She grabbed the hatch mechanism and tried to twist it open one more time, but it wouldnt budge. Her lungs strained now, the dank stench of excess carbon dioxide acrid in her nostrils. Through it all, one recurring thought haunted her.Im going to die only underwater.She scanned the Tritons control panels and levers for something that could help, but all the indicators were black. No power. She was locked in a stone-dead steel crypt sinking towa rd the bottom of the sea.The gurgling in the tanks seemed to be accelerating now, and the ocean rose to indoors a few feet of the top of the glass. In the distance, across the endless flat expanse, a band of crimson was inching across the horizon. Morning was on its way. Rachel feared it would be the populate light she ever saw. Closing her eyes to block out her impending fate, Rachel felt the terrifying childhood images rushing into her mind.Falling through the ice. Sliding underwater.Breathless. ineffective to lift herself. Sinking.Her mother calling for her. Rachel RachelA pounding on the outside of the sub jolted Rachel out of the delirium. Her eyes snapped open.Rachel The voice was muffled. A ghostly grimace appeared against the glass, upside down, dark hair swirling. She could barely make him out in the darkness.MichaelTolland surfaced, exhaling in relief to see Rachel moving inside the sub. Shes alive. Tolland swam with hefty strokes to the rear of the Triton and climbed up onto the submerged engine platform. The ocean currents felt hot and pass byen around him as he positioned himself to grab the circular portal screw, staying low and hoping he was out of range of Pickerings gun.The Tritons hull was almost entirely underwater now, and Tolland knew if he were going to open the hatch and pull Rachel out, he would have to hurry. He had a ten-inch draw that was diminishing fast. Once the hatch was submerged, opening it would send a torrent of seawater gushing into the Triton, trapping Rachel inside and sending the sub into a free fall to the bottom.Now or never, he gasped as he grabbed the hatch wheel and heaved it counterclockwise. Nothing happened. He tried again, throwing all of his force into it. Again, the hatch refused to turn.He could hear Rachel inside, on the other side of the portal. Her voice was stifled, but he sensed her terror. I tried she shouted. I couldnt turn itThe water was lie across the portal lid now. Turn together he shouted t o her. Youre clockwise in there He knew the dial was clearly marked. Okay, nowTolland buttressed himself against the ballast resistor air tanks and strained with all his energy. He could hear Rachel below him doing the same. The dial turned a half inch and ground to a dead stop.Now Tolland saw it. The portal lid was not set evenly in the aperture. Like the lid of a jar that had been placed on tainted and screwed down hard, it was stuck. Although the rubber seal was properly set, the hatch-dogs were bent, meaning the only way that door was opening was with a welding torch.As the top of the sub sank below the surface, Tolland was filled with a sudden, overwhelming dread. Rachel Sexton would not be escaping from the Triton.Two thousand feet below, the crumpled fuselage of the bomb-laden Kiowa chopper was sinking fast, a prisoner of gravity and the powerful drag of the deepwater vortex. Inside the cockpit, Delta-Ones lifeless body was no longer recognizable, disfigured by the crushing pressure of the deep.As the aircraft spiraled downward, its Hellfire missiles still attached, the glowing magma dome waited on the ocean floor like a red-hot landing pad. Beneath its three-meter-thick crust, a head of boiling lava simmered at a thousand degrees Celsius, a volcano waiting to explode.128Tolland stood knee-deep in water on the engine box of the sinking Triton and searched his brain for some way to save Rachel.Dont let the sub sinkHe looked back toward the Goya, wondering if there were any way to get a winch connected to the Triton to keep it skilful the surface. Impossible. It was fifty yards away now, and Pickering was standing high on the bridge like a Roman emperor with a prime seat at some bloody Colosseum spectacle.Think Tolland told himself. Why is the sub sinking?The mechanics of sub buoyancy were painfully simple ballast tanks pumped full of either air or water adjusted the subs buoyancy to move it up or down in the water.Obviously, the ballast tanks were fil ling up.But they shouldnt beEvery subs ballast tanks were equipped with holes both topside and underneath. The lower openings, called flooding holes, always remained open, while the holes on top, vent valves, could be opened and closed to let air escape so water would flood in.Maybe the Tritons vent valves were open for some reason? Tolland could not imagine why. He floundered across the submerged engine platform, his hands grope one of the Tritons ballast trim tanks. The vent valves were closed. But as he felt the valves, his fingers found something else.Bullet holes.Shit The Triton had been riddled with bullets when Rachel jumped in. Tolland immediately dove down and swam beneath the sub, running his hand carefully across the Tritons more important ballast tank-the negative tank. The Brits called this tank the down express. The Germans called it putting on lead shoes. Either way, the meaning was clear. The negative tank, when filled, took the sub down.

Debunking the Democratic Peace Theory Essay

The development of the pickive wild pansy hypothesis started with the writings of has its roots in the writings of German Philosopher Immanuel Kant. In 1795 Kant went talked ab let on perpetual relaxation based parti whollyy upon estates sharing republican constitutions. He then said, that a republican physical body of government, exemplifying the rule of law, provides a feasible basis for states to overcome structural anarchy and to secure peaceful relations among themselves. Kant continues to argue that once the aggressive interests of irresponsible monarchists argon tamed and once the habit of respect for individual rights is engrained by republican governments, wars would appear as the disaster to peoples warf ar, rather than an operator for growing a state, as it was used for many centuries. This was the true beginning of what we now know to be the Democratic Peace Theory.This theory remained dormant in the minds of realists and neo-realists that strongly influenced th e field of international relations for centuries leading into the Cold contend. In 1972, American sociologist Dean Babst published an article in which he reported no wars defend been fought between independent nations with elective governments between 1789 and 1941. This enlightened the worlds of political intelligence and international relations and ever since studies get followed this theory, constantly supporting it and decreed races between democracies. Expanding on Kants original idea of republican peace, political science professor Bruce Russett a very hot consequence, exclaiming, democracies had r arly if ever g one(p) to war with each other as a fact. With this simple statement, Russett made political scientists either accept or oppose the democratic peace theory and count slight attempts to support each point of view with historical evidence.Democratic peace theorists have long asserted that all democracies are not except more peaceful than other governments, bes ides are prone to fight against countries ran by other invents of government when they are engaged in war. These theorists and political science buffs argue that democratic peace is supported by a long history of peace and civility between democracies versus military action elsewhere. However, the democratic peace theory is problematic because it prematurely takes a stance on the grounds that a correlation between democratic status and incidence of war is validation of an ally relationship between nations opposed to a statistical anomaly. Does a historical anomaly excuse the desire for mutual democratic passivity? Ph.D. Sebastian Rosato of the University of lucre argues, Democracies do not reliably externalize their domestic norms of conflict resolution and do not trust or respect one another when their interests clash. Rosato trains a very accurate observation, democracies tend to be rather secretive or even circumvent surrounding conflict resolution particularly with other dem ocracies.Having a democratic government does not assure universal peace, and different forms of democracy assure disputes and clashes between governments between exceedingly democratic societies. In reality, some of the to the highest degree thorough liberal democratic end up in war with non-democratic nations, justifying combat with the claim of facing pagesing democracy. Though economic interests are typically unornamented and the underlying motive for warfare, media byout democratic countries end up not only tolerating, but too accepting and normalizing war as if it was a trending topic that came and went. Representative democratic systems lead to monolithic party structures that initiate war and still get elective to new terms and positions in government. Advocates of the democratic peace theory often fail to discuss compound wars and civil wars, as they do not support the theory and its ultimate goal of widespread peace. The histories of many democratic countries have pro ven to not hold up with the democratic peace theory. Democratic countries have repeatedly fought colonial and civil wars which critics show to make the democratic peace theory false.Political Scientists Ravlo, Gleditcsch, and Dorussen expand upon the colonial war aspect of opposing the Democratic Peace Theory in Colonial War and the Democratic Peace in 2003s The Journal of Conflict Resolution. They elaborate on reasons suggested to explain why colonial wars do not invalidate the democratic peace argument, saying, First, although democracies rarely, if ever, fight one another, they participate in war as much as non-democracies. Thus, mixed political dyads have the greatest propensity for war. Second, the spirit of colonial conflict has changed over time. Finally, a correct assessment of the democratic peace argument needs to rely on a multivariate model. The three-bagger makes great points regarding colonial wars and how they work against the democratic peace theory.Regarding the f irst point, if non-state rivals were perceived to be nondemocratic, democratic states would regularly engage in colonial wars. Also, the nature of colonial conflict has indeed changed over time, and the relationship between democracy and colonial war is tested in imperialist, colonial, and postcolonial eras. With appropriate control variables in place, it is apparent that the exacting relationship between democracy and war begins to vanish. History also shows us that in the post-World War II period, democracies begin to fight colonial far less than non-democracy states. There are various reasons why this occurred other than a simple theory that universal democracy equals world peace without question. Primarily this may have occurred due to changes in the views non-European peoples, typically in non-democracies outside of the primarily Caucasian western world. Legendary Political Scientist and Nobel Peace Prize Nominee stresses, It is primarily democracies that have made colonial co nquests and fought wars to prevent the liberation of colonies, and, Preferring to deal only with coherent, mature, and stable democracies, when these varying regimes prevent coherence, maturity, and stability abroad, is clearly ethnocentric.Excluding the civil and colonial war histories form democratic governments from the study and validation of the democratic peace theory not only makes the affirmative point of view on the theory inaccurate, but also does come off very ethnocentric. In short, civil and colonial wars expose some of the bloodiest and most dysfunctional, corrupt eras in the governments of democracies around the globe. In the published piece, Democracies are Their Own Enemies, Political Science Professor Dr. Gilbert N. Kahn claims, In watching the events throughout the world over the past few weeks, one is struck by how profoundly challenged democracy has become. In the fall in States, Great Britain, and even Israel, fundamental democratic values appear to be undermi ned by the political behavior of elected leaders. All of this is occurring at a time when the West is trying to sell democracy to the world. While America is being criticized for starting war through attempting to spread democracy with clear economic motives, Israel is realizing the extent of its social and economic disparities as a few rich families have their hands in much of the government, and The United Kingdom is seeing regular revolts and terror attacks in its economic centers.Democracies are becoming their own enemy in promoting a democratic government, and showing how they controvert when under social and economic pressure. Democratic nations rarely engage in wars of aggression against other democratic nations, absent substantial provocation or critical necessity. Nations tend to go to war mainly based upon Expansion of territory or ideals, defense and pre-emptive strike upon a threatening nation, or conflicts of interest that are inexplicable through diplomacy. These oth er vital conflicts are worth further consideration. Two democracies could still find themselves inexplicable conflicts of interest. If both twain democracies required resources in a border region to prevent their economic turmoil, economies from collapsing, and there wasnt enough resource in that border region to share between the both of them, that just may force them against each other. Under conditions when democracies are in competition under the pressure of economy, the democratic peace theory supplies no history for why widespread democracy would work equally peacefully for all nations.Democratic Peace Theory harps on the idea that democratic nation-states wont go to war because its citizens would vote against heads of government for re-election for putting the nation in conflict. No one likes the idea of war despite whatever government they travel under, or the idea of family members being sent off for extended periods of time without a promise of returning. According to Dr. Hebert West, correlation does not cope with to causation is one of the first and foremost rules of the social sciences, and causality requires several alternative explanations to be proven wrong. The fact that the correlation between democracy and war does not equate to causation proves that though correlation between democracy and peace is strong by many accounts, sufficient evidence to prove that a causal relationship exists in the desired direction by democratic peace theorists, without the influence of other variables, has yet to be published.This disproves a key part of the democratic peace theory that the need for the face of government discourages igniting war. The field of International Relations has always debated when and why democracies would go to war with one another. Debaters disagree that liberal ideas in democracies help them avoid war. The over legitimacy of empirical evidence typically used to defend democratic peace also comes under fire in most political fi elds. Using historical evidence to prove that widespread democracy bring world peace is a very far fetched mention without examining all the details that make it possible for democracies to engage in war internationally with having the action always take place within the non-democratic state. The theory has been elusive to prove empirically, which is why it remains a theory.While the idea of democratic peace is enticing, it does not allow for the error that occurs even when international democracy is accomplished. When face at the face of historical circumstance the democratic peace theory may appear to be true. However, when one uses this historical anomaly as a predictive tool for future behavior of states seems ill-informed when no one field of politics can agree on one side of the argument, or expire solid evidence that democratic peace would be successful even if applied. The longevity of democratic peace is strongly unlikely as no two democracies have ever been the same. D ifference in ideals encourages nations to force their form of democracy on other countries. Democratic peace theory takes advantage of circumstance. This debunks the idea that if all nations were liberal democracies, there would be no war because no two democracies are the same and the urge to spread one nations ideals exit always cause conflict.A strong example of a democracy that helps break down the democratic peace theory is southeastward Africa. On April 26, 1994, South Africans of all heritages voted like never before to mark the symbolic end of apartheid and the beginning of South Africas rough transition to democracy. In nearly two decades, South Africa has achieved greater political stability and greater economic freedom and growth, lowering public debt. While major political parties hold on to democratic ways, more South Africans now receive education and have access to electricity and clean water. However, South Africa still has major challenges ahead such(prenominal) a s extremely high HIV/AIDS rates and government corruption. South Africa is a democracy in that it is a system of government by the all told population or all the eligible members of a state, typically through elected representatives. South Africa is rather peaceful with its neighboring countries (Lesotho, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Swaziland, Mozambique and Namibia), being that the last authoritative war South Africa has engaged in was the Boer War (1899-1902).The war was supposedly based on British expansion with an underlying cause being the heraldic bearing in the Transvaal territory of the largest gold-mining complex in the world, beyond direct British control. This sounds familiar, that the United Kingdom, a democracy, would kill and pillage for economic, monetary benefit. South Africa is a completed example of why universal democracy would not manifest into long-term world peace. South Africa is a representative democracy in that its menstruation government is a variety of democ racy, opposed to direct democracy. South Africas Legislative Branch consists of the depicted object Council of Provinces where there are 90 seats are occupied by 10 members elected by each of the nine provincial legislatures for five-year terms, and the National Assembly where 400 seats are occupied by members elected by popular vote under a system of proportional representation to serve five-year terms.South Africa also has a common bench system where The Constitutional Court, autonomous Court of Appeal and High Courts have the power to protect and regulate their own processes, and to develop the common law. However, South Africas executive branch is unique In that the people to not vote directly for their president, Jacob Zuma, instead South African citizens only have the power to elect members of the National assembly, which in turn ends up choosing the next president for the country. In a world where the democratic peace theory is put into action, South Africas different way o f running a government while still under the title of democracy would certainly clash with democracies of the western world.The Peoples republic of china is a huge world player and has seen an incredible economic boom since the 1990s. Chinas Legislative Branch has a National Peoples Congress where the level of Congress directly below them indirectly chooses them. The Judicial court has a typical high court and small courts. However the executive branch is run by Communist Party of China (CPC), whose power is enshrined Chinas constitution. Local politicians are voted for but a hierarchical electoral college chooses higher officials and the president, Hu Jintao, a position that was officially created in Chinas 1982 constitution. Though Chinas Communist Party has modernised its authoritarianism to fit the times, it is still certainly an authoritarian government.As a communist country that runs on a social organization characterized by introduction to authority and its administrati on, which is, compared to the size of the country, concentrated in a small group of politicians. China isnt engaged in war, and hasnt been since the Sino-Vietnamese War of 1979. Also China still owns Tibet after invading the territory in 1950. Given this information, China maintains relationships with many of its neighbors so that the two nations never reach the point of war, but cannot be classified as non-violent wit neighboring countries Afghanistan, Bhutan, India, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Russia, Tajikistan, and Vietnam.The Islam Republic of Afghanistan is made of one of the worlds oldest nations. Afghanistan is certainly a totalitarian country, being that the Islam Republic of Afghanistan is a political where the state holds total authority over the society and seeks to control all aspects of public and private life. Afghanistans judicial branch consists of the Supreme Court, High Courts, and Appeal Courts. The legislative branch consist s of a National Assembly, which consists of an upper and lower house. The executive branch, however, is run by the president, which is voted in by the public through a run off majority vote. President Hamid Karzai is the head of the executive branch, serving as the head of state and the Command-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of Afghanistan.Afghanistan is currently in a war with the United States. In fact, the War in Afghanistan began on 7 October 2001, as the armed forces of the United States, the Kingdom, France, Australia, and the Afghan United Front launched Operation lasting Freedom following the September 11, 2001 terror attacks. America has tried to introduce democracy to Afghanistan while fighting the war on their land and killing their citizens, a common action of democracies around the world. Hence, Afghanistan is currently not in good peaceful with its neighbors, which include Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Iran.Indubitably, the democratic peace theory is simply just that, a theory. It is doubtful that democracies are less violent that other countries, despite not having militarized disputes with other democracies. With that in mind, the tendency for democracies to attack fledgling democracies has shown to stand out among the observed pattern that democracies do not fight with each other if the hegemonic or economic or hegemonic benefits are high enough. This debunks the claim that democracy determines the level of peace between any given states. Perhaps relationships between democracies are simply just a facade and raise the question of alternative explanations, such as a spurious relationship.Political Science Professor Erik Gartzke proposes that, it is capitalism, and not democracy, that is the independent variable which causes peace and war. Despite the validity of this claim, one would doubt that the state of international war and affairs would depend upon one single variable regardless. It is much more likely that a combinat ion of variables between nations, under limited conditions, creates one of countless outcomes necessary for the potential for war. The spread of democracy is relatively new compared to other widespread forms of government and statehood, providing far too few examples to urge on its statements on.Works CitedBritish Military & Criminal History in the period 1900 to 1999. Stephens Study Room. http//www.stephen-stratford.co.uk/boer_war.htm (accessed November 29, 2012).Chan, Steve. In Search of Democratic Peace Problems and Promise. Mershon International Studies polish up 41 (1997) 59-91.Chan, Steve. In Search of Democratic Peace Problems and Promise. Mershon International Studies Review 41 (1997) p. 60CONSTITUTION OF THE PEOPLES REPUBLIC OF CHINA. People. English.people.com.cn/constitution/constitution.html (accessed November 20, 2012).Dorussen, Han, Nils hawkshaw Gleditsch, and Hilde Ravlo. Colonial War and the Democratic Peace. The Journal of Conflict Resolution Vol. 47, no. No. 4 (2003) 520-548. http//www.jstor.org/stable/3176207 (accessed November 20, 2012).Doyle, Michael W. Kant, Liberal Legacies, and Foreign Affairs. Debating the Democratic Peace. Eds. Michael E. Brown, Sean M. Lynn-Jones and Steven E. Miller. Cambridge The MIT Press, 1996, p.24Gartzke, Erik A. Erik A. Gartzke, Associate Professor, University ofCalifornia, San Diego. UCSD.Haas, Michael. 1995. When Democracies fighting One Another, Just What is the punishment for Disobeying the Law? Paper presented at the 91st annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, exalted, Chicago. 7.Haas, Michael. 1995. When Democracies Fight One Another, Just What is the Punishment for Disobeying the Law? Paper presented at the 91st annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, August, Chicago. 14.Khan, Dr. Gilbert. Democracies are Their Own Worst Enemies. The New Jersey Jewish News, August 17, 2011. http//www.njjewishnews.com/ (accessed November 20, 2012).Russett, Bruce. Graspi ng the Democratic Peace Principles for a Post-Cold War World. Princeton Princeton University Press, 1993 p. 4Sebastian Rosato (2003). The Flawed Logic of Democratic Peace Theory. American Political Science Review, 97, pp 585-602.West, Dr. Herbert. The History of correlativity Does Not Imply Causation .Slashdot. October 3, 2012. http//news.silobreaker.com/the-history-of-correlation-does-not-imply-causation. (Accessed November 20, 2012).

Healthsouth Fraud

An obstacle to Aaron Beams moral behavior is when he moved some of the businesses perplex up be as expenses and list them as capital investments, which inflates the company profit margins. Beam initially did this because of the pressure from Scrushy to make the company appear more profitable. Then the cycles/second continues. The way I understand the meaning of the loyal agents argument is that you do what you are instructed to do by your employer regardless. However, I do not trust Aaron Bean could or should have used the loyal agents argument to defend his actions.The only way contingent would have been because his boss, Scrushy pressured him into planning the books so to speak. Based on our text, Beam knew he was stretching the truth because he continued to believe that the investors had to have some affable of knowledge of what he was doing. According to my understanding of the 3 levels of Kohlbergs moral development, I would place Beam in take aim Two stage trey Interp ersonal concordance Orientation, based on how he conforms to how Scrushy expects him to act.It is important for a person in this stage to feel well liked and I believe Beam requisite that validation I found identifying a stage for Scrushy to be more difficult. Based on the information I would pick Level One Stage Two Instrumental and Relative Orientation primarily because Scrushy ultimately gets what he wants. He will use the system or duck people to bring through his own needs.Healthsouth FraudAn obstacle to Aaron Beams moral behavior is when he moved some of the businesses start up costs as expenses and list them as capital investments, which inflates the company profit margins. Beam initially did this because of the pressure from Scrushy to make the company appear more profitable. Then the cycle continues. The way I understand the meaning of the loyal agents argument is that you do what you are instructed to do by your employer regardless. However, I do not believe Aaron Bean could or should have used the loyal agents argument to defend his actions.The only way possible would have been because his boss, Scrushy pressured him into cooking the books so to speak. Based on our text, Beam knew he was stretching the truth because he continued to believe that the investors had to have some kind of knowledge of what he was doing. According to my understanding of the 3 levels of Kohlbergs moral development, I would place Beam in Level Two Stage Three Interpersonal Concordance Orientation, based on how he conforms to how Scrushy expects him to act.It is important for a person in this stage to feel well liked and I believe Beam needed that validation I found identifying a stage for Scrushy to be more difficult. Based on the information I would pick Level One Stage Two Instrumental and Relative Orientation primarily because Scrushy ultimately gets what he wants. He will use the system or manipulate people to fulfill his own needs.

Annotated Bibliography on Relationship between Social Media and Corporations Essay

This article highlights the grandeur of corporate favorable responsibility to companies and how they should put the interests of the customers first. In the outlet of a recession therefore dictates that the managers of companies change their CSR based on the customers diminished purchasing power as a result of recession. The companies thus adjust their discourse strategies based on the prevailing economic conditions.Gruber, Daniel, Ryan Smerek, C Mellissa doubting Thomas Hunt, and James Erika. The real-time power of Twitter Crisis management and leadership in an age of affable media. Business Horizon, 2014.This article addresses the leadership and crisis management by the top management of firms as regards to loving media. The article provides a lot of information as regards to the importance of transparency and the power of social media. It highlights the role the different voices in the social media platform play in any organization and the role social media plays in a crisis situation. Analysis of twitter as a source of real-time news is analyzed and the effect it has on organizations response to crisis situations facing them.Reilly, Anne, and Katherine Hynan. Corporate communication, sustainability, and social media Its not on the loose(p) (really) being green. Business Horizons, 2014.This piece of work is based on empirical research on several global corporations in various sectors and how they make use of social media platforms to pass their message on sustainability to the masses. The companies are ranked on their scope of their communication strategies on social media as regards to the sustainability initiatives and environmental sustainability. The report goes a long way in assisting companies to make better use of social media in the sustainability communication.Treem, Jeffrey W, and Paul Leonardi. Social Media Use in OrganizationsExploring the Affordances of Visibility, Editability, Persistence, and Association. Communication Yearbook, 2012.Th is article examines the increased use of social media platforms in the setting of organizations. The increased role it plays in the organization to the managers is acknowledged. It however seeks to determine how the use of social media is different from computer mediated communication. The increased role of social media in organization is thus further analyzed in the workplace.Turban, Efraim, Narasimha Bolloju, and Ting Peng Liang. Social employment An E-Commerce Perspective. n.d.This article examines the spread of business initiatives on social media platforms. In the process of doing so, there has led to an improved business model that embraces social media as a result of this there has been an emergence of social media marketing. This article thus looks at social media from a commerce point of view and looks at the several issues touch in the use of technology in commerce.ReferencesGreen, Todd, and John Peloza. How did the Recession Change the Communication of Corporate Social Responsibility Activities? Long Range Planning, 2014.Gruber, Daniel, Ryan Smerek, C Mellissa Thomas Hunt, and James Erika. The real-time power of Twitter Crisis management and leadership in an age of social media. Business Horizon, 2014.Reilly, Anne, and Katherine Hynan. Corporate communication, sustainability, and social media Its not easy (really) being green. Business Horizons, 2014.Treem, Jeffrey W, and Paul Leonardi. Social Media Use in OrganizationsExploring the Affordances of Visibility, Editability, Persistence, and Association. Communication Yearbook, 2012.Turban, Efraim, Narasimha Bolloju, and Ting Peng Liang. Social Commerce An E-Commerce Perspective. n.d.Wright , Donald, and Michelle Drifka Hinson. Examining How Social and Emerging Media Have Been Used in Public Relations Between 2006 and 2012 A Longitudinal Analysis. Public Relations Review, 2012.Source document